Social and legal challenges of the Romanian community in Covasna, Harghita and Mureș counties

This paper examines demographic changes and cultural dynamics in Covasna and Harghita counties, Romania, where Romanian citizens constitute a minority. Analysis of census data from 1992– 2021 reveals a significant decrease in the Romanian population, with approximately 30.000 fewer people in the last three decades. Furthermore, the study explores the distribution of Romanian communities in these counties, highlighting disparities between larger and smaller settlements. It also investigates the state of the Orthodox church heritage, documenting the loss of numerous churches due to historical events such as the Magyarization processes and the Vienna Dictate. In addition, the study addresses the challenges facing Orthodox parishes in ethnically mixed areas, where dwindling congregations threaten their sustainability. Further, it highlights the impact of the declining school population on Romanian language education, especially in administrative units such as municipalities and cities. Overall, this research highlights the complex interplay between demographic trends, cultural preservation efforts and institutional dynamics in regions characterised by ethnic diversity and historical transformation.